Lecithin and plasticizer compositions and methods

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure is directed to compositions having lecithin and plasticizer components and related methods. The disclosed compositions may also include one or more co-surfactants such as anionic surfactants and/or non-ionic surfactants.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/993,282, filed Nov. 18, 2010, issued as U.S. Pat. No.8,772,358 on Jul. 8, 2014, which itself claimed priority toInternational Application No. PCT/US09/64171, filed Nov. 12, 2009, whichitself claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/113,637, filed Nov. 12, 2008, each of the contents of the entirety ofwhich are incorporated by this reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to dispersants. The presentdisclosure is directed to compositions comprising lecithin andplasticizers. The present disclosure is also directed to methods for thepreparation and use of compositions comprising lecithin andplasticizers.

BACKGROUND ART

Lecithin is a lipid substance found in animal and plant tissues such as,for example, egg yolk and soy bean. Lecithin is composed of variousconstituents including, but not limited to, phospholipids, such as, forexample, phosphatidyl choline (“PC”), phosphatidyl inositol (“PI”), andphosphatidyl ethanolamine (“PE”). The amphiphilic properties of lecithinmake the substance an effective processing aid, emulsifier, dispersantand/or surfactant in various applications.

By way of example, lecithin may be used in applications wheremodification of the boundary layer between substances is desirable. Inthe presence of immiscible liquid phases, lecithin can reduce theinterfacial surface tension and function as an emulsifier. When usedwith two or more solid phases, lecithin can function as a lubricantand/or release agent.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

Certain embodiments disclosed herein are directed to compositions thatcomprise a lecithin and a plasticizer. In another embodiment, a methodcomprises mixing lecithin with a plasticizer. In other embodiments, usesof the compositions as dispersants are disclosed.

It should be understood that this disclosure is not limited to theembodiments disclosed in this Summary, and it is intended to covermodifications that are within the spirit and scope of the invention, asdefined by the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The characteristics and advantages of the present disclosure may bebetter understood by reference to the accompanying figures.

FIG. 1 is a graph presenting viscosity-temperature profiles for variousblends of lecithin and di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate.

FIG. 2A is a graph presenting values for viscosity and acetoneinsolubles for various blends of lecithin and di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate;FIG. 2B Viscosity profile of YELKIN T (lecithin of plastic viscosity) inpresence of different plasticizers at 25° C.

FIG. 3 is a graph comparing various properties for two conventionalpaint formulations and two paint formulations according to embodimentsdisclosed herein.

FIG. 4 is a graph comparing changes in various properties afterheat-aged stability for two conventional paint formulations and twopaint formulations according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 5 is a graph comparing color strength results for two conventionalpaint formulations comprising an organic pigment, two conventional paintformulations comprising an inorganic pigment, two paint formulationsaccording to embodiments disclosed herein comprising an organic pigment,and two paint formulations according to embodiments disclosed hereincomprising an inorganic pigment.

FIG. 6 is a graph comparing various properties for a conventional paintformulation and two paint formulations according to embodimentsdisclosed herein.

FIG. 7 is a graph comparing changes in properties after heat-agedstability for a conventional paint formulation and two paintformulations according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 8 is a graph comparing color compatibility results for aconventional paint formulation comprising an organic blue pigment, aconventional paint formulation comprising an inorganic red pigment, twopaint formulations according to embodiments disclosed herein comprisingan organic blue pigment, and two paint formulations according toembodiments disclosed herein comprising an inorganic red pigment.

FIG. 9 is a graph comparing weight per gallon and viscosity values for aconventional paint formulation and two paint formulations according toembodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing color compatibility results for aconventional paint formulation and two paint formulations according toembodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 11 is a photograph of rub-up test panels comparing two paintscomprising carbon black dispersions according to embodiments disclosedherein mixed with white base paints.

FIG. 12 is a photograph of rub-up test panels comparing a paintcomprising a conventional carbon black pigment dispersion formulationmixed with a white base paint and a paint comprising a carbon blackdispersion according to embodiments disclosed herein mixed with a whitebase paint.

FIG. 13 is a photograph of rub-up test panels comparing paintscomprising red iron oxide pigment dispersions in a white base paint; thepigment dispersions used in the paints are a conventional dispersion anda dispersion according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 14 is a photograph of rub-up test panels comparing paintscomprising red iron oxide pigment dispersions in a white base paint; thepigment dispersions used in the paints are a conventional dispersion anda dispersion according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 15 is a graph comparing CIE L*a*b* lightness values for paintscomprising carbon black dispersions and a white base paint; the carbonblack pigment dispersions include a conventional pigment dispersion andvarious pigment dispersions according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 16 is a graph comparing CIE L*a*b* blueness values for paintscomprising phthalocyanine pigment dispersions in white base paints; thephthalocyanine pigment dispersions include a conventional pigmentdispersion and a pigment dispersion according to embodiments disclosedherein.

FIG. 17 is a graph comparing CIE L*a*b* redness values for paintscomprising red iron oxide pigment dispersions in white base paints; thered oxide pigment dispersions are dispersions according to embodimentsdisclosed herein.

FIG. 18 is a graph comparing CIE L*a*b* redness values for paintscomprising red iron oxide pigment dispersions in white base paints; thered oxide pigment dispersions are dispersions according to embodimentsdisclosed herein.

FIG. 19 is a graph comparing CIE L*a*b* yellowness values for paintscomprising yellow iron oxide pigment dispersions in white base paints;the yellow oxide pigment dispersions are dispersions according toembodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 20 is a graph comparing opacity values for paints prepared from aneutral white base and yellow iron oxide pigment dispersions accordingto embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 21 is a graph comparing CIE L*a*b* yellowness values of paintsprepared from a midtone white base paint and yellow iron oxide pigmentdispersions according to embodiments disclosed herein; also presentedare percent dispersant on pigment and percent surfactant on pigment forthe dispersions according to embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 22 shows of summary of paint film properties such as gloss,opacity, color, color strength, cost and color rub-up of one embodimentof a composition of the present invention with BAYFERROX 130M red ironoxide pigment.

FIG. 23 shows summary of paint film properties such as gloss, opacity,color, color strength, cost and color rub-up of one embodiment of acomposition of the present invention with black MOGUL E pigment.

FIG. 24 shows summary paint film properties such as gloss, opacity,color, color strength, cost and color rub-up of one embodiment of acomposition of the present invention BAYFERROX 3910 yellow iron oxidepigment.

FIG. 25 illustrates summary of paint film properties such as gloss,opacity, color, color strength, cost and color rub-up of one embodimentof a composition of the present invention with LANSCO 5576-C bluepigment.

FIG. 26 illustrates summary of paint film properties such as gloss,opacity, color, and color strength, cost and color rub-up of oneembodiment of a composition of the present invention with MONARCH 1100black pigment.

FIG. 27A illustrates the blueness of pigment blue in resin dispersion inan ink formulation and pigment blue in water dispersion added to semigloss latex.

FIG. 27B shows the fineness of grind of pigment blue in resin and waterdispersions.

FIG. 27C depicts the color strength of pigment blue in resin dispersionin an ink formulation and water dispersion added to semi gloss latex.

FIG. 28 shows film formation of ink formulation as applied on plasticfilm using application rod #20. The first panel shows the film formationusing the composition of Example 9 as a dispersant; the second panelusing JEFFSPERSE as the dispersant; and the third panel using E-SPERSEas a dispersant.

FIG. 29 shows the fineness of grind of pigment black in resin dispersionin an ink formulation and water dispersion added to a semi-gloss latex.

FIG. 30 shows color intensity of pigment black in resin dispersion in anink formulation and water dispersion added to a semi-gloss latex.

FIG. 31 illustrates film formation of ink formulation as applied onplastic film using application rod #30. The first panel uses thecomposition of Example 9 as a dispersant; the second panel uses E-SPERSEas a dispersant; and the third panel uses JEFFSPERSE as a dispersant.

FIG. 32A shows the viscosity profile of titanium dioxide pigmentdispersions in 3% dispersant at different pigment concentrations.

FIG. 32B shows the viscosity profile of titanium dioxide dispersionswith varying dispersant concentrations.

MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

In the present application, including the claims, other than in theoperating examples or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressingquantities or characteristics are to be understood as being modified inall instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to thecontrary, any numerical parameters set forth in the followingdescription may vary depending on the desired properties one seeks toobtain in the compositions and methods according to the presentdisclosure. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit theapplication of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims,each numerical parameter described in the present description should atleast be construed in light of the number of reported significant digitsand by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

Any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or inpart, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein isincorporated herein only to the extent that the incorporated materialdoes not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or otherdisclosure material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to theextent necessary, the disclosure as set forth herein supersedes anyconflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, orportion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein,but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or otherdisclosure material set forth herein is only incorporated to the extentthat no conflict arises between that incorporated material and theexisting disclosure material.

The embodiments disclosed herein are directed to compositions andmethods that comprise a lecithin and a plasticizer. In variousembodiments, the composition is a blend of lecithin in amounts rangingfrom 5% to 95% by weight of the disclosed compositions, and in certainembodiments from 70% to 95%; and the plasticizer in amounts ranging from5% to 95% by weight of the disclosed compositions, and in certainembodiments from 5% to 30%.

It has been found that the combination of lecithin and one or moreplasticizers results in a compositions having reduced viscosity comparedto conventional lecithin, particularly in aqueous systems. Mixing thelecithin with a plasticizer is in a manner more efficient as compared toa viscosity reduction done by mixing the lecithin with triglycerides.This reduction in viscosity allows for increased applicability oflecithin as a dispersant in both aqueous and non-aqueous systems. Thedisclosed lecithin-plasticizer compositions may be engineered to providea desirable viscosity profile for numerous applications, such as, forexample, pigment dispersion vehicles in paints, inks, and othercoatings. In various embodiments, the disclosed lecithin-plasticizercompositions have a viscosity of less than 3000 centipoise. In variousembodiments, the disclosed lecithin-plasticizer compositions have aviscosity of less than 2000 centipoise, less than 500 centipoise, orless than 100 centipoise. The reduced viscosity of the composition ofthe present invention also enables the lecithin-plasticizer compositionto have a higher loading capacity for pigment as compared toconventional dispersants in that more pigment can be dispersed in anequal volume of the lecithin-plasticizer composition of the presentinvention as compared to an equivalent amount of a conventionaldispersant.

Lecithins suitable for use in the disclosed compositions and methodsinclude, but are not limited to, crude filtered lecithin, fluidlecithin, de-oiled lecithin, chemically and/or enzymatically modifiedlecithin, standardized lecithin, and blends of any thereof. Lecithinsemployed in the present disclosure generally tend to have ahydrophilic-lipophilic balance (“HLB”) value ranging from 1.0 to 10.0depending on the processing conditions and additives used to obtain thelecithin and produce the lecithin product. For example, crude filteredlecithin has an HLB value of approximately 4.0 and favors the formationof water-in-oil emulsions. Standardized lecithin includes co-emsulifiershaving HLB values ranging from 10.0 to 24.0, which results in lecithincompositions having HLB values of 7.0 to 12.0 and favoring oil-in-wateremulsions. Any lecithin or combinations of lecithins are suitable foruse in the disclosed compositions and methods regardless of the initialHLB value of the lecithin. Lecithins useful in the disclosedcompositions and methods may comprise co-emulsifiers having ahydrophilic-lipophilic balance value ranging from 10.0 to 24.0, and incertain embodiments 10.0 to 18.0.

The emulsifier and/or surfactant properties of an amphiphilic substancesuch as lecithin, for example, may be predicted at least in part by thehydrophilic-lipophilic balance (“HLB”) value of the substance. The HLBvalue may function as an index of the relative preference of anamphiphilic substance for oil or water—the higher the HLB value, themore hydrophilic the molecule; the lower the HLB value, the morehydrophobic the molecule. A description of HLB values is provided inU.S. Pat. No. 6,677,327, which is incorporated by reference herein inits entirety. HLB is also described in Griffin, “Classification ofSurface-Active Agents by ‘HLB,’” J. Soc. Cosmetic Chemists 1 (1949);Griffin, “Calculation of HLB Values of Non-Ionic Surfactants,” J. Soc.Cosmetic Chemists 5 (1954); Davies, “A quantitative kinetic theory ofemulsion type, I. Physical chemistry of the emulsifying agent,”Gas/Liquid and Liquid/Liquid Interfaces, Proceedings of the 2dInternational Congress on Surface Activity (1957); and Schick, “NonionicSurfactants: Physical Chemistry”, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.,pp. 439-47 (1987), each of which is incorporated by reference herein inits entirety.

In various embodiments, the plasticizer used in the disclosedcompositions and methods may be selected from the group consisting of abio-based plasticizer, a citrate, an adipate, a pentaerythritol ester,an isosorbide ester, medium chain triglycerides, a polyglyercol ester,and combinations of any thereof. Substances of a bio-derived origin arederived from biological materials as opposed to being derived frompetrochemical sources. Bio-derived substances may be differentiated frompetroleum derived substances by their carbon isotope ratios using ASTMInternational Radioisotope Standard Method D 6866. As used herein, theterm “bio-derived” refers to being derived from or synthesized by arenewable biological feedstock, such as, for example, an agricultural,forestry, plant, fungal, bacterial, or animal feedstock.

Various agencies have established certification requirements fordetermining bio-derived content. These methods require the measurementof variations in isotopic abundance between bio-derived products andpetroleum derived products, for example, by liquid scintillationcounting, accelerator mass spectrometry, or high precision isotope ratiomass spectrometry. Isotopic ratios of the isotopes of carbon, such asthe ¹³C/¹²C carbon isotopic ratio or the ¹⁴C/¹²C carbon isotopic ratio,can be determined using isotope ratio mass spectrometry with a highdegree of precision. Studies have shown that isotopic fractionation dueto physiological processes, such as, for example, CO₂ transport withinplants during photosynthesis, leads to specific isotopic ratios innatural or bio-derived compounds. Petroleum and petroleum derivedproducts have a different ¹³C/¹²C carbon isotopic ratio due to differentchemical processes and isotopic fractionation during the generation ofpetroleum. In addition, radioactive decay of the unstable ¹⁴C carbonradioisotope leads to different isotope ratios in bio-derived productscompared to petroleum products. Bio-derived content of a product may beverified by ASTM International Radioisotope Standard Method D 6866. ASTMInternational Radioisotope Standard Method D 6866 determines bio-derivedcontent of a material based on the amount of bio-derived carbon in thematerial or product as a percent of the weight (mass) of the totalorganic carbon in the material or product. Bio-derived products willhave a carbon isotope ratio characteristic of a biologically derivedcomposition.

Bio-derived materials offer an attractive alternative for industrialmanufacturers looking to reduce or replace their reliance onpetrochemicals and petroleum derived products. The replacement ofpetrochemicals and petroleum derived products with products and/or feedstocks derived from biological sources (i.e., bio-based products) offermany advantages. For example, products and feed stocks from biologicalsources are typically a renewable resource. In most instances,bio-derived chemicals and products formed therefrom are less burdensomeon the environment than petrochemicals and products formed frompetrochemicals. As the supply of easily extracted petrochemicalscontinues to be depleted, the economics of petrochemical production willlikely force the cost of the petrochemicals and petroleum derivedproducts to higher prices compared to bio-based products. In addition,companies may benefit from the marketing advantages associated withbio-derived products from renewable resources in the view of a publicbecoming more concerned with the supply of petrochemicals.

In various embodiments, plasticizers suitable for use in the disclosedcompositions and methods include, but are not limited to,di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, dioctyl adipate, propylene glycol monoester,butyl benzyl phthalate, di-n-butyl maleate, di-n-butyl phthalate,diethylene glycol dibenzoate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dioctylphthalate, diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diisodecyl adipate,diisodecyl phthalate, diisoheptyl phthalate, diisononyl adipate,diisononyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, diisononyl phthalate,diisooctyl adipate, diisooctyl phthalate, dimenthyl phthalate,di-n-hexyl phthalate, di-n-octyl adipate, di-n-octyl phthalate, dinonylphthalate, dioctyl maleate, dioctyl sebacate, dioctyl terephalate,dioctyl azelate, dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, di(2-propylheptyl)phthalate, ditridecyl adipate, ditridecyl phthalate, diundecylphthalate, 2-ethylhexanol, epoxidized linseed oil, epoxidized soybeanoil, general-purpose phthalate, isodecyl alcohol, isononyl alcohol,phthalic anhydride, 2-propylheptanol, polyvinyl chloride, tricresylphosphate, triisononyl trimellitate, triiisooctyl trimellitate,trimellitic anhydride, trioctyl trimellitate, triphenyl phosphate,trixylyl phosphate, undecyl dodecyl phthalate, and combinations of anythereof. In various embodiments, the plasticizer comprisesdi-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (“DEHA”).

As used herein, the term “DEHA” includes di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate. DEHAis also referred to as dioctyl adipate or “DOA” in the art. As usedherein, unless otherwise indicated, dioctyl adipate (“DOA”) refers tothe ester of adipic acid and linear n-octanol.

DEHA

It is also important to note that both moieties may be used asplasticizers—alone, together, or in combination with otherplasticizers—in various embodiments described herein.

In various embodiments, the disclosed compositions may also comprise oneor more co-surfactants. The one or more co-surfactants may comprise oneor more cationic surfactants, one or more anionic surfactants, one ormore non-ionic surfactants, or combinations of one or more of thecationic surfactants, the anionic surfactants and the non-ionicsurfactants. In various embodiments, the co-surfactant or co-surfactantcombinations may have a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance ranging from 10.0to 24.0, and in some embodiments from 10.0 to 18.0. In variousembodiments, the lecithin may comprise from 5% to 95% by weight of thedisclosed composition, in some embodiments from 60% to 90%, and in otherembodiments from 80% to 90%; the plasticizer may comprise from 1% to 20%by weight of the disclosed composition, in some embodiments from 5% to15%, and in other embodiments from 5% to 10% or 10% to 15%; and theco-surfactant may comprise from 2% to 20% by weight of the composition,in some embodiments from 5% to 15%, and in other embodiments from 10% to15%.

Anionic surfactants suitable for use in the disclosed compositions andmethods include, but are not limited to, sodium and potassium salts ofstraight-chain fatty acids, polyoxyethylenated fatty alcoholcarboxylates, linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, alpha olefin sulfonates,sulfonated fatty acid methyl ester, arylalkanesulfonates, sulfosuccinateesters, alkyldiphenylether(di)sulfonates, alkylnaphthalenesulfonates,isoethionates, alkylether sulfates, sulfonated oils, fatty acidmonoethanolamide sulfates, polyoxyethylene fatty acid monoethanolamidesulfates, aliphatic phosphate esters, nonylphenolphosphate esters,sarcosinates, fluorinated anionics, anionic surfactants derived fromoleochemicals, and combinations of any thereof. In various embodiments,the surfactant comprises an anionic surfactant, such as, for example, aphosphate ester.

Non-ionic surfactants suitable for use in the disclosed compositions andmethods include, but are not limited to, sorbitan monostearate,polyoxyethylene ester of rosin, polyoxyethylene dodecyl mono ether,polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, polyoxyethylenemonolaurate, polyoxyethylene monohexadecyl ether, polyoxyethylenemonooleate, polyoxyethylene mono(cis-9-octadecenyl)ether,polyoxyethylene monostearate, polyoxyethylene monooctadecyl ether,polyoxyethylene dioleate, polyoxyethylene distearate, polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate,polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate, polyoxyethylenesorbitan tristearate, polyglycerol ester of oleic acid, polyoxyethylenesorbitol hexastearate, polyoxyethylene monotetradecyl ether,polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexaoleate, fatty acids, tall-oil, sorbitolhexaesters, ethoxylated castor oil, ethoxylated soybean oil, rapeseedoil ethoxylate, ethoxylated fatty acids, ethoxylated fatty alcohols,ethoxylated polyoxyethylene sorbitol tetraoleate, glycerol andpolyethylene glycol mixed esters, alcohols, polyglycerol esters,monoglycerides, sucrose esters, alkyl polyglycosides, polysorbates,fatty alkanolamides, polyglycol ethers, derivatives of any thereof, andcombinations of any thereof. In various embodiments, the surfactantcomprises a non-ionic surfactant, such as, for example, a fatty acidethoxylate.

Cationic surfactants suitable for use in the present invention include,but are not limited to fatty amine salts; fatty alkyl quaternary aminesincluding primary, secondary and tertiary amines; ester amines and thecorresponding ethoxylated ester amines; and combinations of any thereof.

In various embodiments, the disclosed compositions and methods maycomprise lecithin, a plasticizer, a cationic surfactant, an anionicsurfactant and a non-ionic surfactant. In various embodiments, theplasticizer may comprise di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, the anionicsurfactant may comprise a phosphate ester, and the non-ionic surfactantmay comprise a fatty acid ethoxylate. In various embodiments, theanionic surfactant and the non-ionic surfactant may be present in thedisclosed composition in a weight ratio ranging from 1:9 to 9:1. Theanionic surfactant may comprise 1% to 10% by weight of the disclosedcomposition, and in some embodiments from 3% to 7%; and the non-ionicsurfactant may comprise 1% to 10% by weight of the disclosedcomposition, and in some embodiments from 3% to 7%. In variousembodiments, the disclosed composition comprises 3% anionic surfactantand 7% non-ionic surfactant by weight of the composition.

The combination of lecithin and a plasticizer results in a compositionhaving reduced viscosity as compared to conventional lecithin. Thereduction in viscosity increases the applicability of the composition asa processing aid, emulsifier, dispersant and/or surfactant in variousapplications, such as, for example, in paints, inks, and other coatingcompositions. Embodiments comprising lecithin, a plasticizer, and asurfactant find utility in aqueous systems, where the low viscositycomposition is water dispersible and the surfactant aids in the aqueousstabilization of the lecithin-plasticizer blend. In various embodiments,the combined use of an anionic surfactant and a non-ionic surfactant inthe disclosed compositions may further aid in the stabilization of thelecithin-plasticizer blend in aqueous systems.

In various embodiments, the disclosed water dispersiblelecithin-plasticizer compositions find utility in water-based coatings,including, but not limited to, latex paints. In various embodiments, thedisclosed compositions may be used as dispersion vehicles for pigmentsin paint or ink formulations. The pigment may be selected from the groupconsisting of an organic pigment, an inorganic pigment, a carbon blackpigment or any combinations thereof. In various embodiments, thedisclosed compositions advantageously aid in pigment processing,including, but not limited to, grinding, milling and release aids, whichmay contribute to improved gloss, colorant and body in pigmentedformulations. The low viscosity of the disclosed compositions providesimproved coating uniformity to pigments and other particulates indispersions. In this context, among others, the disclosed compositionsprovide improved dispersant, wetting agent, and/or stabilizer propertiesand performance.

In various other embodiments, the disclosed compositions may be used inmagnetic fluid applications. In one embodiment, the disclosedcompositions may be used to stabilize magnetic particles in a solventbase, including, but not limited to, a mixture of a base oil and anester compound. The improved wetting and dispersant properties of thedisclosed compositions result in reduced agglomeration of the suspendedparticles in magnetic fluids without resulting in adverse effects on theviscosity of the fluid.

The disclosed compositions may also be used in nanotechnologyapplications. In one embodiment, the disclosed compositions may be usedas a dispersant, wetting agent, solubilizer, and/or stabilizer innanoparticle suspensions. Additional applications for the disclosedcompositions and methods include, but are not limited to, use infiberglass, concrete, ceramics, plastics, and composites. Additionaluses of the disclosed compositions include, but are not limited to, usesas textile auxiliary agents, leather finishing agents, plasticcompounding agents, lubricants, oilfield drilling additives, emollients,film-formers, and mold release agents.

In addition to the multiple functionalities of the disclosedcompositions as a dispersant, wetting agent, solubilizer, and/orstabilizer in various applications, the disclosed compositions alsocontain low or no volatile organic compounds (“VOCs”). Low VOC paints,inks, and other surface coatings may use water as a carrier instead ofpetroleum-based solvents. As such, the levels of harmful emissions arelower than solvent-borne surface coatings. However, dispersion ofpigments and other colorants may be more difficult in aqueous-basedcoating systems as compared to petroleum-based systems. The disclosedcompositions, therefore, may be used in low VOC coating formulations toimprove pigment and colorant dispersion without contributing undesirableVOCs to the compositions.

In order to meet EPA standards, paints, inks and other surface coatingsmust not contain VOCs in excess of 200 grams per liter. Generally, lowVOC surface coatings usually meet a 50 g/L VOC threshold. For example,paints with the Green Seal Standard (GS-11) mark are certified lowerthan 50 g/L (for flat sheen) or 150 g/L (for non-flat sheen). Surfacecoatings containing VOCs in the range of 5 g/L or less according to theEPA Reference Test Method 24 may be called “Zero VOC.”

In various embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein have less than25 grams of VOCs per liter of composition. In various embodiments, thecompositions disclosed herein have VOC levels of less than 5 g/L, lessthan 1 g/L, or less than 0.5 g/L. In various embodiments, thecompositions disclosed herein may be used as low-VOC bio-deriveddispersants, wetting agents, solubilizers, and/or stabilizers.

The embodiments disclosed herein are also directed to methods ofpreparing the disclosed compositions. In various embodiments, lecithinis heated to a temperature above ambient temperature, a plasticizer isadded to the lecithin at the elevated temperature, and the plasticizerand lecithin are mixed together to form a lecithin-plasticizer blend.The blend is cooled to ambient temperature. The resulting blend has aviscosity lower than the lecithin ingredient alone, which may be lessthan 3000 cP. In various embodiments, the viscosity of thelecithin-plasticizer blend may be less than 2000 cP, less than 500 cP,or less than 100 cP. In various other embodiments, one or moreco-surfactants may be added to the lecithin either before orsimultaneously with one or more plasticizers. The one or moreco-surfactants may alternatively be added to the blend of the lecithinand the one or more plasticizers.

The embodiments disclosed herein are also directed to methods of usingthe disclosed compositions. In various embodiments, the disclosedcompositions are used to aid in the dispersion or wetting of aningredient in a formulation such as, for example, concrete, ceramic,fiberglass, plastic, ink, paint, or other coating. The disclosedcompositions are mixed into the formulation to disperse or wet at leastone ingredient, such as, for example, a pigment. In various embodiments,the disclosed compositions comprise low-VOC bio-derived additives foruse in a variety of formulations.

As illustrated herein, the disclosed compositions are suitable forformulating solvent and water based paints, inks, and other coatingsystems. The amphiphilic properties of the disclosed compositions allowsfor their use as good wetting and stabilizing agents for both organicand inorganic pigments. The disclosed compositions are also suitable fora wide variety of pigment concentrates. In various embodiments, asillustrated herein, the disclosed compositions are added as a grindingaid in pigment dispersion processes during formulation of paints, inksand other coating systems.

In various embodiments, as illustrated herein, the disclosedcompositions may function as low-VOC dispersants exhibiting low-grindviscosity, high pigment load, low foam, high color development, and fastdispersion/wetting. In various embodiments, the disclosed compositionsmay comprise an emulsifier blend free of alkyl phenol ethoxylates.

EXAMPLES

The following exemplary, non-limiting examples are provided to furtherdescribe the embodiments presented herein. Those having ordinary skillin the art will appreciate that variations of these Examples arepossible within the scope of the invention.

Example 1

A series of blends of crude filtered lecithin (YELKIN T, Archer DanielsMidland Company, Decatur, Ill., USA) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate(“DEHA”) (PLASTOMOLL® DOA, BASF, North Mount Olive, N.J., USA) wereprepared in the following weight ratios (lecithin:DEHA): 95:5; 90:10;85:15; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40. The blends were prepared by heating thelecithin in a beaker to approximately 60° C. under constant stirring. Asthe crude lecithin began to melt, the DEHA was added and the mixture wasstirred at 60° C. for approximately one hour. The blends were cooled toambient temperature (approximately 25° C.). The blends were free-flowingliquids at ambient temperature.

Example 2

A viscosity-temperature profile was measured for all blend ratiosprepared in Example 1. The results of the profile are presented inFIG. 1. The blends were also analyzed for viscosity and acetoneinsolubles. The results of the analyses are presented FIG. 2 a. Thecrude filtered lecithin (YELKIN T, Archer Daniels Midland Company,Decatur, Ill., USA) was used to make blends of various ratios such as(90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40) with different plasticizers like Soybeanoil (SBO), Medium Chain Triglycerides also referred as MCT (NEOBEE®1053, Stepan Company, Northfield, Ill., USA) and DREWPOL 3-5-CC(StepanCompany, Northfield, Ill., USA) along with di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate(“DEHA”) (PLASTOMOLL® DOA, BASF, North Mount Olive, N.J., USA). Theviscosity of these blends were measured at 25° C. as shown in FIG. 2 b.The viscosity of lecithin is not shown in the figure as it was ofplastic viscosity.

Example 3

A blend of crude filtered lecithin (YELKIN T, Archer Daniels MidlandCompany, Decatur, Ill., USA), DEHA (PLASTOMOLL® DOA, BASF, North MountOlive, N.J., USA), and a tall fatty acid ethoxylate surfactant (NINEX®MT-610, Stepan Company, Northfield, Ill., USA) was prepared. The blendwas 80% lecithin, 10% DEHA, and 10% fatty acid ethoxylate. The blend wasprepared by heating the lecithin in a beaker to approximately 50° C.under constant stirring. As the crude lecithin began to melt, the DEHAand fatty acid ethoxylate were added and the mixture was stirred at 60°C. for approximately one hour. The blend was cooled to ambienttemperature (approximately 25° C.). The blend was a free-flowing liquidat ambient temperature having a transparent amber color and a viscosityof approximately 16 stokes at 25° C. The blend was dispersible in water.

Example 4

A blend of crude filtered lecithin (YELKIN T, Archer Daniels MidlandCompany, Decatur, Ill., USA), DEHA (PLASTOMOLL® DOA, BASF, North MountOlive, N.J., USA), and a tall fatty acid ethoxylate surfactant (NINEX®MT-610, available from Stepan Company, Northfield, Ill., USA) wasprepared. The blend was prepared by heating the lecithin in a beaker toapproximately 50° C. under constant stirring and adding the fatty acidethoxylate in a weight ratio of 90:10 (lecithin:surfactant) to form anintermediate blend. The intermediate blend was mixed with DEHA in aweight ratio of 90:10 (intermediate blend:DEHA) under constant stirringat 50° C. for approximately one hour to form a final blend. The finalblend was a free-flowing liquid at ambient temperature having atransparent amber color and a viscosity of 16.8 stokes at 25° C. Thefinal blend was dispersible in water.

Example 5

A blend of crude filtered lecithin (YELKIN T, Archer Daniels MidlandCompany, Decatur, Ill., USA), DEHA (PLASTOMOLL® DOA, BASF, North MountOlive, N.J., USA), and a tall fatty acid ethoxylate surfactant (NINEX®MT-610, Stepan Company, Northfield, Ill., USA) was prepared. The blendwas prepared by heating the lecithin in a beaker to approximately 50° C.under constant stirring and adding the DEHA in a weight ratio of 90:10(lecithin:DEHA) to form an intermediate blend. The intermediate blendwas then mixed with the fatty acid ethoxylate in a weight ratio of 90:10(intermediate blend:surfactant) under constant stirring at 50° C. forapproximately one hour to form a final blend. The final blend was afree-flowing liquid at ambient temperature having a transparent ambercolor and a viscosity of 12.8 stokes at 25° C. The final blend wasdispersible in water.

Example 6

A blend of crude filtered lecithin (YELKIN T, Archer Daniels MidlandCompany, Decatur, Ill., USA) and unsaturated propylene glycol monoester(PGME, Archer Daniels Midland Company, Decatur, Ill., USA) was prepared.The blend was 90% lecithin and 10% PGME by weight. The blend wasprepared by mixing the lecithin and the PGME and heating the mixture to50° C. under constant stirring for 30 to 60 minutes. The blend wascooled to ambient temperature (approximately 25° C.). The blend was afree-flowing liquid at ambient temperature having a viscosity ofapproximately 14.9 stokes at 25° C.

Example 7

A blend of crude filtered lecithin (YELKIN T, Archer Daniels MidlandCompany, Decatur, Ill., USA), DEHA (PLASTOMOLL® DOA, BASF, North MountOlive, N.J., USA), and a tall fatty acid ethoxylate surfactant (NINEX®MT-610, Stepan Company, Northfield, Ill., USA) was prepared. The blendwas 80% lecithin, 10% DEHA, and 10% surfactant by weight. The blend wasprepared by mixing the lecithin, DEHA, and surfactant and heating themixture to 50° C. under constant stirring for 30 to 60 minutes. Theblend was cooled to ambient temperature (approximately 25° C.). Theblend was a free-flowing liquid at ambient temperature. The blend waswater dispersible.

Example 8

A blend of crude filtered lecithin (YELKIN T, Archer Daniels MidlandCompany, Decatur, Ill., USA), DEHA (PLASTOMOLL® DOA, BASF, North MountOlive, N.J., USA), and a phosphate ester surfactant (STEPFAC™ 8170,Stepan Company, Northfield, Ill., USA) was prepared. The blend was 80%lecithin, 10% DEHA, and 10% surfactant by weight. The blend was preparedby mixing the lecithin, DEHA, and surfactant and heating the mixture to50° C. under constant stirring for 30 to 60 minutes. The blend wascooled to ambient temperature (approximately 25° C.). The blend was afree-flowing liquid at ambient temperature. The blend was waterdispersible.

Example 9

A blend of crude filtered lecithin (YELKIN® T, Archer Daniels MidlandCompany, Decatur, Ill., USA), DEHA (PLASTOMOLL® DOA, BASF, North MountOlive, N.J., USA), a tall fatty acid ethoxylate surfactant (NINEX®MT-610, Stepan Company, Northfield, Ill., USA), and a phosphate estersurfactant (STEPFAC™ 8170, Stepan Company, Northfield, Ill., USA) wasprepared. The blend was 80% lecithin, 10% DEHA, 7% fatty acid ethoxylatesurfactant, and 3% phosphate ester surfactant by weight. The blend wasprepared by mixing the lecithin, DEHA, and two surfactants and heatingthe mixture to 50° C. under constant stirring for 30 to 60 minutes. Theblend was cooled to ambient temperature (approximately 25° C.). Theblend was a free-flowing liquid at ambient temperature. The blend waswater dispersible.

Example 10

A blend of crude filtered lecithin (YELKIN T, Archer Daniels MidlandCompany, Decatur, Ill., USA), unsaturated propylene glycol monoester(PGME, Archer Daniels Midland Company, Decatur, Ill., USA), and a tallfatty acid ethoxylate surfactant (NINEX® MT-610, Stepan Company,Northfield, Ill., USA) was prepared. The blend was 80% lecithin, 10%PGME, and 10% surfactant by weight. The blend was prepared by mixing thelecithin, PGME, and surfactant and heating the mixture to 50° C. underconstant stirring for 30 to 60 minutes. The blend was cooled to ambienttemperature (approximately 25° C.). The blend was a free-flowing liquidat ambient temperature. The blend was water dispersible.

Example 11

A blend of crude filtered lecithin (YELKIN T, Archer Daniels MidlandCompany, Decatur, Ill., USA), unsaturated propylene glycol monoester(PGME, Archer Daniels Midland Company, Decatur, Ill., USA), a tall fattyacid ethoxylate surfactant (NINEX® MT-610, Stepan Company, Northfield,Ill., USA), and a phosphate ester surfactant (STEPFAC™ 8170, StepanCompany, Northfield, Ill., USA) was prepared. The blend was 80%lecithin, 10% PGME, 7% fatty acid ethoxylate surfactant, and 3%phosphate ester surfactant by weight. The blend was prepared by mixingthe lecithin, PGME, and two surfactants and heating the mixture to 50°C. under constant stirring for 30 to 60 minutes. The blend was cooled toambient temperature (approximately 25° C.). The blend was a free-flowingliquid at ambient temperature. The blend was water dispersible.

Example 12

Modified aqueous-based eggshell white paint formulations were preparedincorporating water-dispersible lecithin-DEHA blends as substitutes forconventional dispersants and conventional dispersant blends. Theconventional dispersants and blends were used as standards for purposesof comparison. The modified paint formulations were prepared bysubstituting lecithin-DEHA blends prepared according to Examples 3 and 9for a conventional dispersant (E-SPERSE 100™ and E-SPERSE 506™ in a 1:1weigh ratio, Ethox Chemicals, Greenville, S.C., USA) in the standardpaint formulation presented in Table 1.

TABLE 1 E-SPERSE 100/E- SPERSE 506 E-SPERSE 100 Raw Materials(dispersant) (dispersant) Example 3 Example 9 Suppliers Water 150.00150.00 150.00 150.00 — E-SPERSE 100 6.00 12.0 — — Ethox Chemicals,(dispersant) LLC E-SPERSE 506 6.00 — — — Ethox Chemicals, (dispersant)LLC Example 3 — — 12.0 — ADM Example 9 — — — 12.0 ADM AMP-95 3.50 3.503.50 3.50 Angus Chemical (neutralizer) Company DEFOAMER 31 11.00 11.0011.00 11.00 Ethox Chemicals, (defoamer) LLC BURGESS 98 60.00 60.00 60.0060.00 Burgess Pigment (hydrous Company aluminum silicate) TitaniumDioxide 260.00 260.00 260.00 260.00 DuPont Calcium 60.00 60.00 60.0060.00 Omya Carbonate ATTAGEL 50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 BASF (rheologymodifer) Water 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 — RHOPLEX AC-364 400.00 400.00400.00 400.00 Rohm and Haas (acrylic emulsion Company paint binder)TEXANOL 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 Eastman Chemical (ester alcohol) CompanyACRYSOL RM 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 Rohm and Haas 2020NPR Company(rheology modifier) ACRYSOL SCT-275 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Rohm and Haas(rheology modifier) Company Water 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 — DEFOAMER 315.60 5.60 5.60 5.60 Ethox Chemicals, (defoamer) LLC Water 37.86 37.8637.86 37.86 — Total lbs/100 1130.96 1130.96 1130.96 1130.96 — gallonspaint

Dispersion was performed with a STIR-PAK™ mixing system (Thermo FisherScientific, Inc., Waltham, Mass., USA) at dial setting 2.5 for 30minutes for all formulations except the formulation comprising thelecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9, which was dispersed at dial setting2 due to an observed low mill base viscosity. Various properties weremeasured for the standard paint formulation, a formulation comprisingE-SPERSE 100™ (dispersant) alone, and for the modified formulationscomprising the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 3 or the lecithin-DEHAblend from Example 9 substituted for the conventional E-SPERSE™(dispersant) mixture.

The viscosities of the paint formulations were measured approximately 24hours after dispersion. Paint samples were applied on a plain whiteLENETA paper using a BIRD applicator at 6 mils and paint film propertieswere measured after the films were dried overnight under ambientconditions. Heat-aged stability tests were conducted for theformulations for 7 days at 140° C. Two commercial colorants (COLORTREND®Phthalocyanine Blue and Red Iron Oxide, Evonik Industries (Degussa))were also used to evaluate color acceptance/compatibility for themodified paint formulations. The modified eggshell white paintformulations were mixed with colorant at a weight ratio of 99:1(paint:colorant). Color properties (CIE L*a*b* system) were determinedusing a BYK Color-guide 45/0 color measurement instrument (BYK-GardnerUSA, Columbia, Md., USA). The results are presented in Table 2 and FIGS.3-5.

TABLE 2 Standard E-SPERSE 100:E- SPERSE 506 E-SPERSE 100 PaintProperties (dispersant) (dispersant) Example 3 Example 9 Dispersion Time30 mins 30 mins 30 mins 30 mins STIR-PAK Speed No. 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 MillBase Viscosity (Krebs) 98 91.2 123 85 Final Viscosity (Krebs) 80.3 72.482.5 73.6 Paint Condition (1 = best) Microfoam (1) Microfoam (2) Foam(4) Foam (3) Gloss @ 60 deg angle 34.7 28.9 34.7 30 Opacity 97.36 97.297.1 97.22 Whiteness CIELab L* = 100 96.24 96.2 96.22 96.16 YellownessYE 313-73 3.35 3.43 4.26 4.25 Scrub Resistance @ 250 cycles Comparablewith Standard (E-SPERSE 100/E-SPERSE 506 Blend) Heat-aged StabilityViscosity (Krebs Unit) 111.1 104.2 102.5 89.6 Gloss @ 60 deg angle 34.629.1 32.6 29.40 Yellowness (YE 313-73) 3.21 3.35 3.85 3.83 In-cancondition after Heat-aged Sort of a soft With very slight With slightWith slight stability putty like foam formation tinge of tinge of beforemixing after hand- yellowness yellowness then mixing on top and on topand stabilized foam very smooth after hand- formation after hand- mixingafter hand- mixing. Best mixing in-can condition Colorstrength/compatibility Red Oxide Rub-up good good good good Redness (+a*value) 18.23 18.47 18.28 18.38 Lightness (L* value) 76.02 75.67 75.9675.84 Phthalo Blue Rub-up good good good good Blueness (−b* value)−18.96 −19.10 −18.97 −18.87 Lightness (L* value) 81.48 81.26 81.15 81.24

Referring to FIG. 3, the viscosity, gloss and opacity of the paintformulation comprising the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 3 closelymatched the viscosity and gloss of the standard formulation comprisingthe conventional E-SPERSE™ (dispersant) mixture. The viscosity, glossand opacity of the paint formulation comprising the lecithin-DEHA blendfrom Example 9 closely matched the viscosity and gloss of theformulation comprising E-SPERSE 100™ (dispersant) alone. Formulationscomprising lecithin-DEHA blends tended to show more yellowing due to theinherent yellowish color of the lecithin-DEHA blends.

Referring to FIG. 4, after exposing the formulations to 140° C. for 7days, the conventional E-SPERSE™ (dispersant) paint formulationsexhibited larger viscosity increases and smaller gloss change than themodified formulations comprising the lecithin-DEHA blends. Afterheat-aged stability at 140° C. for 7 days, paint formulations comprisingthe lecithin-DEHA blends exhibited lower viscosity increase and slightlydecrease in gloss than the conventional E-SPERSE™ (dispersant) paintformulations. Paint formulations comprising the lecithin-DEHA blendsshowed more paint yellowing due to the inherent yellowish color of thelecithin-DEHA blends.

FIG. 5 illustrates the color strengths of the paint formulations withtwo commercial colorants (COLORTREND Phthalocyanine Blue (organic) andRed Iron Oxide (inorganic), Evonik Industries (Degussa)). A lowerabsolute value for the organic blue colorant represents better coloracceptance/compatibility between the organic colorant and thedispersant, and a higher absolute value for the inorganic red colorantrepresents better color acceptance/compatibility between the inorganiccolorant and the dispersant. The conventional E-SPERSE™ (dispersant)mixture and the lecithin-DEHA blends exhibited better colorcompatibility with the organic and inorganic colorants than the E-SPERSE100™ dispersant alone. The lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 exhibitedbetter compatibility with the organic colorant than the otherdispersants. The conventional E-SPERSE™ (dispersant) mixture and thelecithin-DEHA bend from Example 3 exhibited better compatibility withthe inorganic colorant than the other dispersants.

Overall, the performance of the lecithin-DEHA blends as dispersants inwater-based paint formulations was comparable to standard commercialdispersants.

Example 13

Modified aqueous-based interior semigloss white paint formulations wereprepared incorporating water-dispersible lecithin-DEHA blends assubstitutes for a conventional dispersant. A conventional hydrophobiccopolymer polyelectrolyte dispersant (TAMOL™ 165 A, Rohm and HaasCompany, Philadelphia, Pa., USA) was substituted with each of twolecithin-DEHA blends (Example 3 and Example 9) on a weight-for-weightbasis in the standard paint formulation presented in Table 3. Theconventional dispersant was used as a standard for purposes ofcomparison with the modified formulations.

TABLE 3 Raw Tamol 165 A Exam- Exam- Commercial materials (dispersant)ple 3 ple 9 Supplier Water 100.00 100.00 100.00 — Tamol 165A 6.00 — —Rohm and Haas (dispersant) Company Example 3 — 6.00 — ADM Example 9 — —6.00 ADM BYK 348 2.00 2.00 2.00 Byk-Chemie (surfactant) GmbH FOAMSTARA-34 1.00 1.00 1.00 Fitz Chem (defoamer) Corporation MINEX 10 7.50 7.507.50 Unimin Specialty (filler) Minerals, Inc Titanium Dioxide 257.00257.00 257.00 DuPont KATHON LX 1.5% 1.80 1.80 1.80 Rohm and Haas(microbicide) Company RHOPLEX 454.20 454.20 454.20 Rohm and Haas VSR1050 Company (acrylic emulsion) ROPAQUE ULTRA 23.50 23.50 23.50 Rohm andHaas Emulsion (polymer) Company Propylene Glycol 9.00 9.00 9.00 SigmaAldrich ARCHER RC 2.25 2.25 2.25 Archer Daniels (reactive Midlandcoalescent) Company FOAMSTAR A-34 1.00 1.00 1.00 Fitz Chem (defoamer)Corporation Ammonia Water, 0.80 0.80 0.80 Sigma Aldrich 28% ACRYSOL RM33.00 33.00 33.00 Rohm and Haas 2020NPR Company (rheology modifier)ACRYSOL 5.00 5.00 5.00 Rohm and Haas SCT-275 Company (rheology modifier)Water 147.40 147.40 147.40 — Water 4.18 4.18 4.18 — Total lbs/ 1055.631055.63 1055.63 — 100 gallon paint

Dispersion was performed with a STIR-PAK™ mixing system (Thermo FisherScientific, Inc., Waltham, Mass., USA) at dial setting 2.25 for 15minutes for all formulations. Various properties were measured for thestandard paint formulation and for the modified paint formulationscomprising the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 3 or the lecithin-DEHAblend from Example 9 substituted for the conventional TAMOL™ 165 A(dispersant).

The viscosities of the paint formulations were measured approximately 24hours after dispersion. Paint samples were applied on a plain whiteLENETA paper using a BIRD applicator at 6 mils and paint film propertieswere measured after the films were dried overnight under ambientconditions. Heat-aged stability tests were conducted for theformulations for 7 days at 140° C. Two commercial colorants (COLORTRENDPhthalocyanine Blue and Red Iron Oxide, Evonik Industries (Degussa))were also used to evaluate color acceptance/compatibility for themodified paint formulations. The modified high quality extended whitepaint formulations were mixed with colorant at a weight ratio of 99:1(formulation:colorant). CIE L*a*b* color measurements were taken with aBYK Color-guide 45/0 color measurement instrument (BYK-Gardner USA,Columbia, Md., USA). The results are presented in Table 4 and FIGS. 6-8.

TABLE 4 Standard TAMOL 165A Exam- Exam- Paint Properties (dispersant)ple 3 ple 9 Dispersion Time 15 min 15 min 15 min STIR-PAK 2.25 2.25 2.25(mixing system) Speed Final Viscosity 99.6 85.7 87.6 (Krebs) PaintCondition No foam (1) Very slight No foam (1) (1 = best) foam (2) Wetapplication bubbly better than better than TAMOL 165 TAMOL 165A A(disper- (dispersant) and sant) Example 3 Gloss @ 60 62.1 60 61.7 degangle Opacity 98 97.6 97.5 Whiteness 96.81 96.66 96.6 CIELab L* = 100Yellowness YE 2.29 2.74 2.72 313-73 Scrub 1 3 Better than Resistance @Example 3 495 cycles (1 = best) Heat-aged Stability Viscosity 105.9 92.795.0 (Krebs unit) Gloss @ 61.10 60.3 62.5 60 deg angle Yellowness (YE)2.69 2.92 2.95 In-can condition Slight Slightly Slightly after Heat-agedyellowness on pinkish on pinkish on stability top. Smooth top. Smoothtop. Smooth after hand- after hand- after hand- mixing mixing mixingColor Strength/ Compatibility Red Iron Oxide Rub-up good good goodRedness (+a* value) 17.69 17.70 17.74 Lightness (L* value) 76.93 76.9376.86 Phthalo Blue Rub-up good good good Blueness (−b* value) −19.56−19.26 −19.05 Lightness (L* value) 81.85 81.81 81.89

The formulation comprising the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 3 had alower mill base viscosity than the standard formulation comprisingTAMOL™ 165 A (dispersant), and the formulation comprising thelecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 had a higher mill base viscosity thanthe standard formulation comprising TAMOL™ 165 A (dispersant).

Referring to FIG. 6, the viscosity of the paint formulations comprisinglecithin-DEHA blends was lower than the viscosity of the standard paintformulation comprising TAMOL™ 165 A (dispersant). The paint formulationcomprising the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 exhibited higherviscosity and gloss than the paint formulation comprising thelecithin-DEHA blend from Example 3. Paint formulations comprisinglecithin-DEHA blends exhibited more yellowing due to the inherentyellowish color of the lecithin-DEHA blends. Opacity was comparableacross all paint formulations.

Referring to FIG. 7, after heat-aged stability at 140° C. for 7 days,paint formulations comprising the lecithin-DEHA blends exhibitedslightly higher viscosity increase and better gloss stability and lesspaint yellowing than the standard paint formulation comprising TAMOL™165 A (dispersant).

FIG. 8 illustrates the color strength/compatibility of the paintformulations with the colorants COLORTREND Phthalocyanine Blue (organic)and Red Iron Oxide (inorganic) (Evonik Industries (Degussa)). A lowerabsolute value for the organic blue colorant represents better coloracceptance/compatibility between the organic colorant and thedispersant, and a higher absolute value for the inorganic colorantrepresents better color acceptance/compatibility between the inorganiccolorant and the dispersant. The paint formulations comprisinglecithin-DEHA blends exhibited better color compatibility with theorganic colorant than the paint formulations comprising TAMOL™ 165 A(dispersant). The paint formulation comprising TAMOL™ 165 A (dispersant)equal color compatibility with paint formulation comprising thelecithin-DEHA blend from Example 3 and better than lecithin-DEHA blendfrom Example 9. The paint formulation comprising the lecithin-DEHA blendfrom Example 9 exhibited better color compatibility with the organiccolorant than the paint formulation comprising the lecithin-DEHA blendfrom Example 3. The paint formulation comprising the lecithin-DEHA blendfrom Example 3 exhibited better color compatibility with the inorganiccolorant than the paint formulation comprising the lecithin-DEHA blendfrom Example 9.

Overall, the performance of the lecithin-DEHA blends as dispersants inwater-based paint formulations was comparable to conventional TAMOL™ 165A commercial dispersant.

Example 14

Modified aqueous-based red iron oxide pigment dispersion formulationswere prepared incorporating water-dispersible lecithin-DEHA blends assubstitutes for a commercially available dispersant. The commerciallyavailable dispersant (R&R 551®, Archer Daniels Midland Company, Decatur,Ill., USA) was substituted with each of two lecithin-DEHA blends(Example 3 and Example 9) on a weight-for-weight basis in the dispersionformulation presented in Table 5 to form the modified formulations. Thecommercially available dispersant was used as a standard for purposes ofcomparison with the modified dispersant formulations.

TABLE 5 Standard Raw R&R 551 Commercial materials (dispersant) Example 3Example 9 Supplier Ethylene Glycol 268.17 268.17 268.17 Sigma AldrichWater 191.60 191.60 191.60 — M-Pyrol 8.15 8.15 8.15 InternationalSpecialty Products IGEPAL CO-630 88.56 88.56 88.56 Rhodia (surfactant)R&R 551 58.16 — — ADM (dispersant) Example 3 — 58.16 — ADM Example 9 — —58.16 ADM PEGOSPERSE 25.68 25.68 25.68 Lonza, Inc. 200ML (surfactant)KATHON 2.24 2.24 2.24 Rohm and LX 1.5% Haas (microbicide) Company ASP200 (hydrous 225.72 225.72 225.72 BASF pulverized and spray driedkaolin) Red Iron Oxide 589.14 589.14 589.14 Evonik R3098D IndustriesTotal lbs/ 1457.42 1457.42 1457.42 100 gallons paint

Dispersion was performed with a STIR-PAK™ mixing system (Thermo FisherScientific, Inc., Waltham, Mass., USA) at dial setting 3 for 45 minutesfor all formulations. Various properties were measured for the standardformulation comprising R&R 551® (dispersant) and for the modifiedformulations the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 3 or the lecithin-DEHAblend from Example 9 substituted for the R&R 551® (dispersant). Theresults are presented in Table 6 and FIGS. 9-10.

TABLE 6 Standard R&R 551 Dispersion Properties (dispersant) Example 3Example 9 Dispersion Time 45 mins 45 mins 45 mins STIR-PAK (mixing 3 3 3system) Speed Mill Base without slight haziness hazy clear PigmentsViscosity (Krebs) 90.4 88.7 85.0 Weight per Gallon, lbs 9.01 11.32 9.25Color Compatibility Rub-up Good Good Good Lightness (L* value) 73.6673.88 74.01 Redness (+a* value) 14.54 14.55 14.17

The formulations comprising R&R 551® (dispersant) and the lecithin-DEHAblend from Example 9 produced foam during the dispersion process asindicated by its low weight per gallon (“WPG”) measurements presented inFIG. 9. The formulation comprising the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example3 did not produce any foam during the dispersion process as indicated byits high WPG measurements presented in FIG. 16.

FIG. 10, illustrates the color compatibility of the red iron oxidepigment dispersion formulations with commercial interior semiglossmidtone base paint. A higher absolute value represents better colorcompatibility between the colorant and the dispersant. The lecithin-DEHAblend from Example 3 exhibited comparable color compatibility with thestandard R&R 551® dispersant in the formulations. The colorcompatibility of the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 was lower thanthe color compatibility of R&R 551® (dispersant) and the lecithin-DEHAblend from Example 3.

Example 15

The dispersibility of carbon black pigment (REGAL® 660R, CabotCorporation, Billerica, Mass., USA) in formulations comprising thelecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 was compared to the dispersibility ofcarbon black in formulations comprising E-SPERSE 100™ as a standarddispersant. Dispersion was performed with a STIR-PAK™ mixing system(Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, Mass., USA) at dial setting2.5 for 30 minutes for all formulations of the mill base. Glass beadswere added to the mill base dispersion at 75% by weight of the mill baseto attain dispersion with an acceptable fineness of grind. Thedispersion formulations are presented in Table 7 (all values are massunits unless otherwise indicated).

TABLE 7 E-SPERSE 100 Formulation (dispersant) Example 9 ComponentFormulation Formulation 1 Formulation 2 Supplier Water 31.20 44.0 43.96— E-SPERSE 100 5.2 — — Ethox Chemicals (dispersant) Example 9 — 7.3511.0 Experimental TRITON X-100 — — 5.86 Dow Chemical (surfactant) AMP-95— 0.72 0.73 Angus Chemical (neutralizer) DEFOAMER 31 1.15 1.62 — EthoxChemicals (defoamer) REGAL 660R 29.57 26.63 21.98 Cabot (pigment)DREWPLUS L-475 — — 1.83 Ashland (antifoam) Water 32.88 19.68 14.65 —Total % 100.00 100.00 100.00 —

The formulations comprising the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9exhibited good mill base viscosity and fineness of grind. An octylphenolethylene oxide condensate surfactant (TRITON™ X-100, Dow ChemicalCompany, Midland, Mich., USA) was added to the formulation comprisingthe lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 (Formulation 2 in Table 8). Theformulation comprising the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 andoctylphenol ethylene oxide condensate surfactant (“TRITON™ X-100”)exhibited improved mill base viscosity and improved pigment loading.

The pigment dispersion formulations were blended with commercial whitebase paints to evaluate the color compatibility of the pigmentdispersions. The pigment dispersions and white base paint were mixed ina STIR-PAK™ mixing system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham,Mass., USA) at dial setting 2.5 for 15 minutes to produce a 0.60%pigmented paint. Draw down paint samples were applied on a plain whiteLENETA paper using a BIRD applicator at 6 mils. Rub-up test samples wereprepared by rubbing the applied paint in a circular motion for about30-45 seconds at 3 and 5 minutes after initial application. CIE L*a*b*color measurements were taken with a BYK Color-guide 45/0 colormeasurement instrument (BYK-Gardner USA, Columbia, Md., USA) after thefilms were dried overnight under ambient conditions. The results arepresented in FIGS. 11-12.

As presented in FIGS. 11-12, the dispersant formulation comprising thelecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 and TRITON™ X-100 surfactantexhibited improved color compatibility compared to the formulationcomprising the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 without thesurfactant. FIG. 12 illustrates that the dispersant formulationcomprising the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 and TRITON™ X-100(surfactant) and the E-SPERSE 100™ dispersant formulation exhibitedcomparable color compatibility.

Example 16

The dispersibility of red iron oxide pigment (COPPERAS™ R4098,Elementis/Rockwood, Fairview Heights, Ill., USA) in formulationscomprising the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 3 and the lecithin-DEHAblend from Example 9 were compared to the dispersibility of red ironoxide pigment in formulations comprising E-SPERSE 100™ (dispersant) as astandard. Dispersion was performed with a STIR-PAK™ mixing system(Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, Mass., USA) at dial setting2.5 for 30 minutes for all formulations of the mill base. Glass beadswere added to the mill base dispersion at 75% by weight of the mill baseto attain dispersion with an acceptable fineness of grind. Thedispersion formulations are presented in Table 8 (all values are weightunits unless otherwise indicated).

TABLE 8 E-SPERSE 100 Example Example Raw Materials (dispersant) 3 9Supplier Water 27.92 27.44 33.23 — E-Sperse 100 4.67 — — Ethox(dispersant) Chemicals Example 3 — 4.58 — ADM Example 9 — — 5.55 ADMDEFOAMER 31 1.03 1.01 1.22 Ethox (defoamer) Chemicals COPPERAS R409837.00 66.97 60.0 Elementis/ (pigment) Rockwood Water 29.38 — — — Total100.0 100.0 100.0 wt % Pigment 37.00 66.97 60.00 % Dispersant on 12.626.84 9.25 Pigment

The pigment dispersion formulations were blended with commercial whitebase paints to evaluate the color compatibility of the pigmentdispersions. The pigment dispersions and white base paint were mixed ina STIR-PAK™ mixing system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham,Mass., USA) at dial setting 2.5 for 15 minutes to produce a 2.0%pigmented paint. Paint samples were applied on a plain white LENETApaper using a BIRD applicator at 6 mils. Rub-up test samples wereprepared by rubbing the applied paint in a circular motion for about30-45 seconds at 3 and 5 minutes after initial application. CIE L*a*b*color measurements were taken with a BYK Color-guide 45/0 colormeasurement instrument (BYK-Gardner USA, Columbia, Md., USA) after thefilms were dried overnight under ambient conditions. The results arepresented in FIGS. 13-14.

The red iron oxide pigment exhibited good dispersion in all threedispersant formulations. FIG. 13 illustrates that the dispersionformulations comprising E-SPERSE 100™ (dispersant) and the dispersionformulations comprising the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 exhibitedpoor color compatibility with the base paint. FIG. 14 illustrates thatthe dispersion formulations comprising the lecithin-DEHA blend fromExample 3 exhibited better color compatibility than the dispersionformulations comprising E-SPERSE 100™ (dispersant) with the base paint.

Example 17

The surfactants listed in Table 9 were evaluated in the carbon blackpigment formulations presented in Table 10 (all values are mass unitsunless otherwise indicated). Dispersion was performed with a STIR-PAK™mixing system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, Mass., USA) atdial setting 2.5 for 30 minutes for all formulations of the mill base.Glass beads were added to the mill base at 75% by weight of the millbase. The fineness of grind of the dispersion was measured using aHegman Gauge. Color compatibility was evaluated by blending the pigmentdispersions with commercial white base paints (PPG Ultra InteriorSemigloss Midtone (“midtone base”) and PPG Ultra Neutral Base (“neutralbase”)).

TABLE 9 Surfactant Supplier Description TRITON X-100 DOW nonyl phenolethoxylate; non-ionic; HLB ≅ 13.5 NINEX MT 615 Stepan fatty acidethoxylate; anionic; HLB ≅ 13 PLURAFAC B25-5 BASF alkoxylated fattyalcohol; non-ionic; HLB ≅ 12 PLURAFAC B26 BASF alkoxylated fattyalcohol; non-ionic; HLB ≅ 14 CARBOWET 106 Air linear ethoxylate; solventfree and alkyl Products phenol ethoxylate free; non-ionic; HLB ≅ 10.7TERGITOL L-62 DOW polyether polyol; non-ionic; HLB ≅ 7 TERGITOL L-101DOW polyether polyol; non-ionic; HLB ≅ 1

TABLE 10 Ingredients Formulation Ethox ADM Suppliers water 31.22 43.90E-SPERSE 100 (dispersant) 5.20 — Ethox Chemicals Example 9 — 10.97 ADMsurfactant * — 8.85 Refer to table 10 DEFOAMER 31 (defoamer) 1.14 —Ethox Chemicals AMP-95 (neutralizer) — 0.73 Angus carbon black pigment29.87 21.94 Cabot DREWPLUS L-475 (defoamer) — 1.83 Ashland water 5.85 —— Water 26.72 14.78 — Total 100.00 100.00 — * surfactants listed inTable 10.

The pigment dispersions and white base paints were mixed in a STIR-PAK™mixing system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, Mass., USA) atdial setting 2.5 for 15 minutes to produce a paint having 0.66 g pigmentper 100 g base paint. Paint samples were applied on a plain white LENETApaper using a BIRD applicator at 6 mils. Rub-up test samples wereprepared by rubbing the applied paint in a circular motion for about 30seconds at 3, 5 and 8 minutes after initial application. CIE L*a*b*color measurements were taken with a BYK Color-guide 45/0 colormeasurement instrument (BYK-Gardner USA, Columbia, Md., USA) after thefilms were dried overnight under ambient conditions. The results arepresented in Table 11 and FIG. 15.

TABLE 11 E-SPERSE Dispersant 100 Example 9 surfactant None TRITONTERGITOL X-100 L-62 % carbon black pigment 29.57 21.98 21.98 %dispersant on pigment 17.64 50 50 dispersion time (minutes) 30 30 30dispersion Speed (dial setting) 2.5 2.5 2.5 pigment dispersion smoothsmooth smooth in-can condition (room with slight no no temperature)after one month settling settling settling fineness of grind (microns)15 15 10 color compatibility: amount of 0.66 g carbon black pigment/98 gbase pigment in PPG Ultra Neutral and Midtone Base Opacity 100.15 100.05100.03 (with PPG Ultra Neutral Base) CIE L*a*b* value (L*) 34.83 34.9435.41 (midtone base) CIE L*a*b* value (L*) 8.08 7.85 7.65 (neutral base)

The formulation comprising the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 andTERGITOL™ L-62 surfactant (Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich., USA)closely matched the performance of the E-SPERSE 100™ (dispersant)standard formulation and the formulation comprising the lecithin-DEHAblend from Example 9 and TRITON™ X-100 (surfactant) in terms of colorcompatibility as indicated by the CIE L*a*b* lightness values (L*)reported in FIG. 15 for the mixtures of the dispersions and the midtonebase (the lower the L* value, the darker the color of the pigmentedpaint; indicating better dispersion of the carbon black pigment).

The combination of TERGITOL™ L-62 (surfactant) and lecithin-DEHA Blend Fexhibited better dispersion than the E-SPERSE 100™ (dispersant)formulation as indicated by the observed fineness of grind, colorstrength, stability, and opacity (Table 11).

Example 18

Pigment dispersions using Pigment Blue 15:3 (Hostaperm Blue B2G,Clariant, Muttenz, CH) were prepared according to the formulationspresented in Table 12 (all values are mass units unless otherwiseindicated). The pigment dispersion formulations were blended withcommercial white neutral and midtone paint bases to evaluate the colorcompatibility of the pigment dispersions. The pigment dispersions andwhite base paints were mixed in a STIR-PAK™ mixing system (Thermo FisherScientific, Inc., Waltham, Mass., USA) at dial setting 2.5 for 15minutes to produce a 3.0 g pigmented paint per 98 g base paint. Paintsamples were applied on a plain white LENETA paper using a BIRDapplicator at 6 mils. Rub-up test samples were prepared by rubbing theapplied paint in a circular motion for about 30-45 seconds at 3 and 5minutes after initial application. CIE L*a*b* color measurements weretaken with a BYK Color-guide 45/0 color measurement instrument(BYK-Gardner USA, Columbia, Md., USA) after the films were driedovernight under ambient conditions. The results are presented in Table13 and FIG. 16.

TABLE 12 E-SPERSE 100/E- Ingredients SPERSE 506 Formulation (dispersant)ADM Supplier water 54.07 35.00 — E-SPERSE 100 2.93 — Ethox Chemicals(dispersant) E-SPERSE 506 2.00 — Ethox Chemicals (dispersant) Example 9— 11 ADM TERGITOL L-62 — 5.8 Dow Chemicals (surfactant) BYK 022 1.000.75 Byk Chemie (defoamer) AMP-95 — 0.75 Angus (neutralizer) HostapermBlue B2G 40.00 29.00 Clariant Chemicals water — 17.7 — Total % 100 100 —

TABLE 13 E-SPERSE Formulation and Paint 100/506 Example Properties(dispersant) 9 surfactants none TERGITOL L-62 % Hostaperm Blue B2G 39.9228.62 Pigment % Dispersant on Pigment 12.32 37.50 dispersion time(minutes) 45 45 dispersion dpeed (dial setting) 2 2.75 pigmentdispersion slightly smooth frothy fineness of grind (microns) 0 0 colorcompatibility: amount of 3.0 g phthalocyanine blue pigment in neutraland midtone pigment/98 g base base Opacity (neutral base) 67.85 61.32Opacity (midtone base) 100.16 99.98 CIE L*a*b* value (−b*) (midtone−46.92 −48.46 base) CIE L*a*b* value (−b*) (neutral −43.03 −44.43 base)CIE L*a*b* value (dE*, rub-up) 0.98 1.27 (midtone base)

The low opacity and transparency values as shown in Table 13, and thelow CIE L*a*b* blueness value (−b*) as shown in FIG. 16, of thedispersions comprising the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 indicatebetter pigment dispersion than the E-SPERSE™ (dispersant) formulations.

Example 19

Pigment dispersions using Red Iron Oxide pigment (COPPERAS™ R4098,Rockwood Pigments) were prepared according to the formulations presentedin Table 14 (all values are mass units unless otherwise indicated). Thepigment dispersion formulations were blended with commercial whiteneutral and mid-tone base latex paint to evaluate the colorcompatibility of the pigment dispersions. The pigment dispersions andwhite base paints were mixed in a STIR-PAK™ mixing system (Thermo FisherScientific, Inc., Waltham, Mass., USA) at dial setting 2.5 for 15minutes to produce a 2.0 g pigmented paint per 98 g base paint. Paintsamples were applied on a plain white LENETA paper using a BIRDapplicator at 6 mils. Rub-up test samples were prepared by rubbing theapplied paint in a circular motion for about 30-45 seconds at 3 and 5minutes after initial application. CIE L*a*b* color measurements weretaken with a BYK Color-guide 45/0 color measurement instrument(BYK-Gardner USA, Columbia, Md., USA) after the films were driedovernight under ambient conditions. The results are presented in Table15 and FIGS. 17-18.

TABLE 14 Trial Formulation using Example 3 and 9 Raw materials 1 2 3 4 5Supplier water 27.45 26.50 26.50 19.20 20.00 — Example 9 4.55 — 5.255.25 3.75 ADM Example 3 — 5.25 — — — ADM TERGITOL L-62 — 2.80 2.80 2.83.00 Dow (surfactant) Chemical DEFOAMER 31 1.00 — — — — Ethox (defoamer)Chemicals DREWPLUS L-475 — 0.95 0.95 0.95 1.00 Ashland (defoamer) RedOxide R4098 67.00 64.5 64.5 64.5 70 Rockwood Pigments water — — — 7.32.25 — Total % 100 100 100 100 100 —

TABLE 15 Trial Formulation using Example 3 and Example 9 Dispersants 1 23 4 5 surfactants Without TERGITOL L-62 surfactant % red iron 66.9764.50 64.50 64.50 70.00 oxide pigment % dispersant 6.85 8.10 8.10 8.105.36 on pigment dispersion 30 60 60 45 45 time (minutes) dispersion 2.52.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 speed (dial setting) pigment smooth smooth smooth smoothsmooth dispersion fineness of 15 10 10 10 0 grind (microns) color 2.0 gred iron oxide pigment/98 g base compatibility: amount of pigment inneutral and midtone base Opacity 95.38 92.01 92.68 90.53 90.80 (neutralbase) CIE L*a*b* 23.36 22.98 23.04 23.07 23.01 value (+b*) (midtonebase) CIE L*a*b* 36.61 36.65 36.65 37.23 36.52 value (+b*) (neutralbase)

As illustrated in FIG. 17, the color compatibility of both the pigmentdispersion comprising the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 3 and thelecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 are similar with and withoutTERGITOL™ L-62 (surfactant). The dispersions having decreased water andglass bead content and decreased dispersion time exhibited increasedviscosity, increased CIE L*a*b* redness value (+a*), and maintained a 10micron fineness of grind. The lecithin-DEHA blends readily dispersed rediron oxide pigment with and without added surfactant as shown in Table15.

Example 20

Pigment dispersions using Yellow Iron Oxide pigment (YIO R2087, RockwoodPigments) were prepared according to the formulations presented in Table16 (all values are mass units unless otherwise indicated). The pigmentdispersion formulations were blended with commercial white neutral andmid tone base latex paint to evaluate the color compatibility of thepigment dispersions. The pigment dispersions and white-latex paints weremixed in a STIR-PAK™ mixing system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.,Waltham, Mass., USA) at dial setting 2.5 for 15 minutes to produce a 2.0g pigmented paint per 98 g base paint. Paint samples were applied on aplain white LENETA paper using a BIRD applicator at 6 mils. Rub-up testsamples were prepared by rubbing the applied paint in a circular motionfor about 30-45 seconds at 3 and 5 minutes after initial application.CIE L*a*b* color measurements were taken with a BYK Color-guide 45/0color measurement instrument (BYK-Gardner USA, Columbia, Md., USA) afterthe films were dried overnight under ambient conditions. The results arepresented in Table 17 and FIGS. 19-21.

TABLE 16 Ingredient Trial Formulations using Example 9 Formulation 1 2 34 5 6 Supplier water 29.0 30.30 31.60 33.10 32.82 32.81 — Example 9 4.156.50 6.70 7.10 7.03 8.45 ADM TERGITOL L-62 3.30 3.45 3.60 3.80 4.70 4.70Dow (surfactant) Chemicals DREWPLUS L-475 2.30 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.30 1.30Angus (defoamer) Yellow iron oxide 49.75 47.65 45.20 42.60 42.20 42.20Rockwood R2087 Pigments water 11.50 10.90 11.57 12.10 11.95 10.54 —Total % 100 100 100 100 100 100 —

TABLE 17 Trial Formulations using Example 3 and Example 9 DispersionProperties 1 2 3 4 5 6 % yellow iron oxide 49.75 47.65 45.20 42.60 42.2042.20 pigment % dispersant on 8.33 13.64 15.00 16.67 16.67 20.00 pigmentdispersion time 30 30 30 30 30 30 (minutes) dispersion speed (dial 2.52.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 setting) pigment dispersion smooth smooth smoothsmooth smooth smooth fineness of grind 10 10 10 10 10 10 (microns) colorcompatibility: 3.0 g yellow iron oxide pigment/98 g base amount ofpigment in neutral and midtone base Opacity (neutral base) 55.54 61.8359.13 59.41 60.17 64.52 CIE L*a*b* value (+b*) 34.05 36.31 36.43 36.8436.91 37.73 (midtone base) CIE L*a*b* value (+b*) 64.77 65.04 64.5165.00 65.90 64.17 (neutral base)

Increasing amounts of the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 andTERGITOL™ L-62 (surfactant) were used in a series of dispersionsprepared according to the formulations presented in Table 16. Increasedamounts of the lecithin-DEHA blend from Example 9 and TERGITOL™ L-62(surfactant) improved the color development of the dispersions with boththe midtone base and neutral base as indicated by the increased CIEL*a*b* yellowness values (+b*) presented in FIGS. 19 and 21. Opacity ofthe dispersions in the neutral base also increased with increasedquantities of lecithin-DEHA Blend F and TERGITOL™ L-62 (surfactant)(FIG. 20).

Example 21

In another embodiment, a composition of the present invention was usedas a dispersant and compared to two known dispersants. In thisembodiment, a formulation of 150 grams was prepared as listed in Table18 using a cowles blade with 100 grams of grinding beads to simulate abead mill as a grinding machine. The dispersion speed was kept constantat 1500 rpm for 45 minutes for the three samples.

Fineness of grind was determined using Hegman grind gauge. Table 18illustrates the pigment dispersion formulation of red iron oxide(BAYFERROX 130M) using NUOSPERSE based dispersants from Elementis andDISPERBYK from BYK, USA, and these were compared to the dispersantcomposition prepared in Example 3 of the present invention.

TABLE 18 Red Iron Oxide Pigment Dispersion. NUOSPERSE DISPERBYK RawMaterials Description (dispersant) Example 3 (dispersant) SuppliersWater 23.43 28.0 16.52 PEG 200 Humectant 9.55 Dow Example 3 Dispersant8.00 ADM NUOSPERSE FX 365 Dispersant 8.61 Elementis NUOSPERSE FX 600Dispersant 5.55 Elementis DISPERBYK 192 Dispersant 4.68 BYK-USADISPERBYK 180 Dispersant 1.24 BYK-USA TERGITOL L-62 Surfactant 8.00 DowDAPRO 7015 Defoamer 0.48 Elementis BYK 021 Defoamer 0.96 BYK-USADREWPLUS L 475 Defoamer 1.0 Rohm and Haas BYK 420 Rheology modifier 0.48BYK-USA BAYFERROX 130 M Red Iron Oxide 57.70 55.0 62.10 Lanxess Water3.83 4.46 Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

The dispersions were blended with Sherwin-Williams Exterior AcrylicLatex Gloss Extra White-6500-47574 for paint film properties. Thedispersion mixtures were applied using 6 mils BIRD applicator on PenopacLENETA Paper for gloss using Micro Tri-gloss from Byk-Gardner, opacity,color and color strength using Color-guide 45/0 from Byk-Gardner.

Paint film properties were evaluated after 7 days drying under normallaboratory condition. Color compatibility by rub-up method was taken 5minutes after application. The summary of the paint properties of thedispersants of Table 18 are presented in FIG. 22.

Example 22

In another embodiment, a composition of the present invention was usedas a dispersant and compared to two known dispersants. In thisembodiment, a pigment dispersion of 150 grams was prepared as listed inTable 19 using a cowles blade with 100 grams of grinding beads tosimulate a bead mill as a grinding machine. The dispersion speed waskept constant at 1500 rpm for 45 minutes for the three samples.

Fineness of grind was determined using Hegman grind gauge. Table 19illustrates the pigment dispersion formulation of Pigment Black 7 (MOGULE) using NUOSPERSE—dispersants from Elementis, and these were comparedto the dispersant composition prepared in Example 9 of the presentinvention.

TABLE 19 Pigment Black 7 MOGUL E Pigment Dispersion. NUOSPERSE ExampleRaw materials Description (dispersant) 9 Suppliers Water — 41.67 42.10 —Example 9 Dispersant — 12.20 ADM NUOSPERSE Dispersant 6.60 — ElementisFX 365 NUOSPERSE Dispersant 2.00 — Elementis FX 600 TERGITOL Surfactant— 6.65 Dow L-62 AMP-95 Neutralizer — 0.83 Dow DREWPLUS Defoamer — 1.66Dow L-475 DAPRO 7015 Defoamer 1.00 — Elementis MOGUL E Carbon 40.0027.70 Cabot Black Pigment Water — 8.50 8.86 — ACRYSOL Rheology 0.23 —Rohm and SCT-275 modifier Haas Total — 100.00% 100.00%

The dispersions were blended with Sherwin-Williams Superpaint ExteriorAcrylic latex Gloss Extra White-6500-47574 for paint film properties.The dispersion mixtures were applied using 6 mils BIRD Applicator onPenopac LENETA Paper for gloss using Micro Tri-gloss from Byk-Gardner,opacity. Color and color strength using Color-guide 45/0 fromByk-Gardner. Paint film properties were evaluated after 7 days dryingunder normal laboratory condition. Color compatibility by rub-up methodwas taken 5 minutes after the application. The summary of all the paintproperties with the different dispersants are shown in FIG. 23.

Example 23

In another embodiment, a composition of the present invention was usedas a dispersant and compared to two known dispersants. In thisembodiment, a formulation of 150 grams was prepared as listed in Table20 using a cowles blade with 100 grams of grinding beads to simulate abead mill as a grinding machine. The dispersion speed was kept constantat 1500 rpm for 45 minutes for the three samples.

Fineness of grind was determined using Hegman grind gauge. Table 20illustrates the pigment dispersion formulation of yellow iron oxide(BAYFERROX 3910) using NUOSPERSE based dispersants from Elementis andDISPERBYK from BYK, USA, and these were compared to the dispersantcomposition prepared in Example 3 of the present invention.

TABLE 20 Yellow Iron Oxide Pigment Dispersion. NUOSPERSE DISPERBYK RawMaterials Description (dispersant) Example 3 (dispersant) SuppliersWater 32.79 32.75 28.30 PEG 200 Humectant 10.00 Dow Example 3 Dispersant8.34 ADM NUOSPERSE FX 365 Dispersant 3.36 Elementis NUOSPERSE FX 600Dispersant 7.13 Elementis DISPERBYK 192 Dispersant 4.10 BYK-USADISPERBYK 180 Dispersant 1.10 BYK-USA TERGITOL L-62 Surfactant 3.93 DowDAPRO 7015 Defoamer 0.51 Elementis BYK 021 Defoamer 1.00 BYK-USADREWPLUS L 475 Defoamer 0.98 Dow ACRYSOL SCT-275 Rheology modifier 0.20Rohm and Haas BYK 420 Rheology modifier 0.50 BYK-USA BAYFERROX 3910Yellow Iron oxide 56.01 54.00 55.00 Lanxess (Pigment) Total 100.00%100.00% 100.00%

The dispersions were blended with Sherwin-Williams Superpaint ExteriorAcrylic latex Gloss Extra White-6500-47574 for paint film properties.The dispersion mixtures were applied using 6 mils BIRD Applicator onPenopac LENETA Paper for gloss using Micro Tri-gloss from Byk-Gardner,opacity. Color and color strength using Color-guide 45/0 fromByk-Gardner.

Paint film properties were evaluated after 7 days drying under normallaboratory condition. Color compatibility by rub-up method was taken 5minutes after application. The summary of the paint properties of thedispersants of Table 20 are presented in FIG. 24.

Example 24

In another embodiment, a composition of the present invention was usedas a dispersant and compared to two known dispersants. In thisembodiment, a formulation of 150 grams was prepared as listed in Table21 using a cowles blade with 100 grams of grinding beads to simulate abead mill as a grinding machine. The dispersion speed was kept constantat 1500 rpm for 45 minutes for the three samples.

Fineness of grind was determined using Hegman grind gauge. Table 21illustrates the pigment dispersion formulation of pigment blue 15:3(LANSCO 5567C) using NUOSPERSE based dispersants from Elementis andDISPERBYK from BYK, USA, and these were compared to the dispersantcomposition prepared in Example 9 of the present invention.

TABLE 21 LANSCO Pigment Blue 15:3 Pigment Dispersion. NUOSPERSEDISPERBYK Raw Material Description (dispersant) Example 9 (dispersant)Suppliers Water 45.50 38.35 26.67 PEG 200 Humectant 10.00 Dow Example 9Dispersant 11.00 ADM NUOSPERSE FX365 Dispersant 11.00 ElementisNUOSPERSE FX600 Dispersant 3.00 Elementis DISPERBYK 192 Dispersant 8.00BYK-USA TERGITOL L-62 Surfactant 5.80 Dow AMP-95 Neutralizer 0.75 DowBYK 022 Defoamer 0.75 BYK-USA DAPRO 7015 Defoamer 0.50 Elementis BYK 021Defoamer 1.00 BYK-USA LANSCO Blue 5576C Blue Pigment 40.00 29.00 40.00Lansco Water 14.35 14.33 Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

The dispersions were blended with Sherwin-Williams Superpaint ExteriorAcrylic Latex Gloss Extra White-6500-45754 for paint film properties.The dispersion mixtures were applied using 6 mils BIRD applicator onPenopac LENETA Paper for gloss using Micro Tri-gloss from Byk-Gardner,opacity, color and color strength using Color-guide 45/0 fromByk-Gardner.

Paint film properties were evaluated after 7 days drying under normallaboratory condition. Color compatibility by rub-up method was taken 5minutes after application. The summary of the paint properties of thedispersants of Table 21 are presented in FIG. 25.

Example 25

In another embodiment, a composition of the present invention was usedas a dispersant and compared to a known dispersant. In this embodiment,a formulation of 150 grams was prepared as listed in Table 22 using acowles blade with 100 grams of grinding beads to simulate a bead mill asa grinding machine. The dispersion speed was kept constant at 1500 rpmfor 45 minutes for the three samples.

Fineness of grind was determined using Hegman grind gauge. Table 22illustrates the pigment dispersion formulation of pigment black 7(MONARCH 1100) using the dispersant DISPERBYK from BYK, USA, and thiswas compared to the dispersant composition prepared in Example 9 of thepresent invention.

TABLE 22 Pigment Black 7 MONARCH 1100 Pigment Dispersion. DISPERBYK RawMaterials Description Example 9 (dispersant) Suppliers Water 53.05 38.50Example 9 Dispersant 11.67 ADM DISPERBYK 190 Dispersant 38.50 Byk-USATERGITOL L-62 Surfactant 6.37 Dow AMP-95 Neutralizer 0.80 Dow BYK 024Defoamer 1.00 Byk-USA DREWPLUS Defoamer 1.59 Dow L-475 MONARCH 1100Carbon 26.52 22.00 Cabot Black Pigment Total 100.00% 100.00%

The dispersions were blended with Sherwin-Williams Superpaint ExteriorAcrylic Latex Gloss Extra White-6500-47574 for paint film properties.The dispersion mixtures were applied using a BIRD Applicator on PenopacLENETA Paper for gloss using Micro Tri-gloss from Byk-Gardner, opacity,color and color strength using Color-guide 45/0 from Byk-Gardner.

Paint film properties were evaluated after 7 days drying under normallaboratory conditions. Color compatibility by rub-up method was taken 5minutes after application. The summary of the paint properties of thedispersants of Table 22 are presented in FIG. 26.

Example 26

This embodiment illustrates the ability of the compositions of thepresent invention to disperse pigments in water and resins, such as foran ink application. Table 23A illustrates the pigment dispersion inwater and Table 23B illustrates the pigment dispersion of Pigment Blue15:3 (Hostasperm B2G) in a resin.

TABLE 23A Formulation- Blue Pigment dispersion in water Raw MaterialsADM Ethox Huntsman Supplier Water 35.00 40.00 40.00 — Example 9 11.00 —— ADM E-SPERSE 100 — 2.93 — Ethox (dispersant) Chemicals E-SPERSE 506 —2.00 — Ethox (dispersant) Chemicals JEFFSPERSE X3204 — — 4.90 Huntsman(dispersant) TERGITOL L-62 5.80 — 1.59 Dow (surfactant) Chemical AMP-950.75 — — Dow (neutralizer) Chemical BYK-022 0.75 1.00 1.00 BYK-USA(defoamer) Hostaperm B2G-D 29.00 40.00 37.00 Clariant (pigment)Chemicals Water 11.70 3.50 — Water 6.00 — — — Water — (10.5) (15.51) —Total % 100.00 100.00 100.00 —

TABLE 23B Blue Pigment dispersion in resin. Raw Exam- Hunts- CommercialMaterials Description Ethox ple 9 man Supplier JONCRYL Dispersion 28.0019.70 28.00 BASF 63 Resin Water 31.73 36.47 29.20 TERGITOL Surfactant —1.09 — Dow L-62 Chemical Example 9 Dispersant — 9.48 — ADM JEFFSPERSEDispersant — — 4.90 Huntsman X3204 E-SPERSE Dispersant 1.27 — — Ethox506 Chemicals BYK 022 Defoamer 1.00 0.44 0.90 BYK USA Hostaperm Blue38.00 32.82 37.00 Clariant B2G-D Pigment Chemicals Total 100.00 100.00100.00

150 gram dispersions of pigments were carried out using a cowles bladewith 100 grams of grinding beads to simulate a bead mill as a grindingmachine. The dispersion speed was kept contact at 2000+/−10 rpm anddispersed for 75 minutes. The fineness of the grind was determined usingan NPIRI grind gauge.

The pigment dispersion was completed to make a blue ink according to theformulation of Table 24. The pigmentation was at 14% with equal resinsolids content and PVC for the three ink samples. The ink was applied onLENETA Plastic film using application rod #20 to determine film finishusing a microscope. Anilox hand proofer was used to apply the ink onLENETA 3NT-31 for color and color strength as applied on a paper. Thecolor and color intensity were determined using Color-guide 45/0 fromBYK-Gardner.

TABLE 24 Color strength at 3% pigmentation with semi-gloss latex white.Raw Materials Description Ethox Example 9 Huntsman Pigment Dispersion36.84 42.65 37.84 JONCRYL 63 (BASF) Dispersing 1.93 2.90 1.35 ResinJONCRYL 60 (BASF) Dispersing 16.40 15.13 16.00 Resin JONCRYL 60 (BASF)Dispersing 16.40 15.13 16.00 Resin Water 2.19 — 3.20 Total 100.00 100.00100.00

The pigment dispersion was blended with 100 grams of Sherwin-WilliamsSuperpaint Interior Semigloss Latex 6405-12935 at 3% pigmentation forcolor and color compatibility. Color and color strength were determinedusing Color-guide 45/0 from BYK-Gardner.

The dispersion of the composition of Example 9 showed improved colorintensity in the ink formulation and in blends with white semiglosslatex as shown in FIG. 27A, which could be attributed to the betterdispersion shown in FIG. 27B. The composition of Example 9 also showedbetter color strength as shown in FIG. 27C. FIG. 27A shows the bluenessof resin dispersion in an ink application and water dispersion insemigloss latex. FIG. 27B shows the fineness of the grind of the resinand water dispersion. FIG. 27C shows the color strength of the resindispersion in ink let down and water dispersion with semigloss latex.

FIG. 28 illustrates photo micrographs of the film formation of the inkas applied on LENETA plastic film using application rod #20. Thecomposition of Example 9 showed complete film formation (absence ofcracks) while the Ethox and Huntsman dispersants showed poor filmformation as evident from the cracks shown in the micrographs of FIG.28.

Example 27

In this embodiment, the ability of the compositions of the presentinvention to disperse pigments in water and resins, such as for an inkapplication, is described. Table 25A illustrates the pigment dispersionin water using the composition of Example 9 and Table 25B illustratesthe pigment dispersion of Pigment Black (REGAL 660R) in a resin usingthe composition of Example 9.

150 gram dispersions of pigments were carried out using a cowles bladewith 100 grams of grinding beads to simulate a bead mill as a grindingmachine. The dispersion speed was kept contact at 2000+/−10 rpm anddispersed for 75 minutes. The fineness of the grind was determined usingan NPIRI grind gauge.

TABLE 25A Carbon Black in Water Dispersion. Raw Materials DescriptionExample 9 Ethox Huntsman Supplier Water 44.0 40.87 37.32 Example 9Dispersant 11.0 — — ADM E-SPERSE 100 Dispersant — 6.65 — Ethox ChemicalJEFFSPERSE X3204 Dispersant — — 4.88 Huntsman TERGITOL L-62 Surfactant5.80 — 2.88 Dow AMP-95 Neutralizer 0.75 — — Dow DREWPLUS L-475 Defoamer1.80 — — Dow DEFOAMER 31 Defoamer — 1.40 — Ethox Chemical BYK-022Defoamer — — 1.08 BYK-USA REGAL Black 660R Carbon Black 22.00 38.3135.45 Cabot Water 14.65 12.77 17.69 Total % 100.00 100.00 100.00

TABLE 25B Carbon Black in Resin Dispersion. Raw Materials DescriptionADM Ethox Huntsman Suppliers JONCRYL 63 Dispersing 21.21 28.00 28.00BASF Resin Water 39.24 28.00 28.00 Example 9 Dispersant 9.54 — — ADME-SPERSE 506 Dispersant — 1.25 5.10 Ethox Chemical JEFFSPERSE Dispersant— — — Huntsman X3204 TERGITOL Surfactant 2.12 — — Dow L-62 AMP-95Neutralizer 0.32 — — Dow DREWPLUS Defoamer 1.06 — — Dow L-475 BYK-022Defoamer — 1.00 0.90 Byk-USA REGAL Black Carbon 26.51 37.50 38.00 Cabot660R Black Pigment Water — 4.25 — Total % 100.00 100.00 100.00

The pigment dispersion of Table 25B was completed to make a black inkaccording to the specification shown in Table 26. The pigmentation wasat 14% with equal resins solids content and PVC for all three samples.Ink was applied on LENETA Plastic film using application rod #20 todetermine the film finish using a microscope. Anilox hand proofer wasused to apply the ink on LENETA 3NT-31 for color and color strength asapplied on a paper. Color and color intensity were determined usingColor-guide 45/0 from BYK-Gardner.

The pigment dispersion was blended with 100 g of Sherwin-WilliamsSuperpaint Interior Semigloss Latex 6405-12935 at 3% pigmentation forcolor and color compatibility. Color and color strength were determinedusing Color-guide 45/0 from BYK-Gardner.

TABLE 26 Ink Letdown for Carbon Black Resin Dispersion. HuntsmanEmulsion Reference Ratio @10.0% based on Raw Materials Description ADMEthox Huntsman Pigment Huntsman Resin 37.72 26.67 26.32 40.00 DispersionJONCRYL 63 Dispersing 3.06 5.24 5.38 — 17.18 Resin JONCRYL EcoDispersing 38.50 44.26 44.40 39.00 59.82 2117 Resin JONCRYL 60Dispersing 14.80 17.02 17.08 15.00 23.00 Resin Water 5.92 6.81 6.83 6.00Total % 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

The dispersion prepared using the composition of Example 9 showed betterdispersion than NUOSPERSE and Huntsman dispersants as shown by itsFineness of Grind as illustrated in FIG. 29. The composition of Example9 also showed improved color intensity when blended with white semiglosslatex as shown in FIG. 30.

FIG. 31 illustrates photo micrographs of the film formation of the inkapplied on LENETA plastic film using application rod #30. Thecomposition of Example 9 showed complete film formation (absence ofcracks) while the dispersants of Ethox and Huntsman showed poor filmformation as evident from the cracks shown on the micrographs. The colorintensity was not determined for NUOSPERSE and Huntsman due to theincomplete film formation as shown in FIG. 31.

Example 28

A blend of 80% crude filtered lecithin (YELKIN T, Archer-Daniels-MidlandCompany, Decatur, Ill. USA) and 20% polyglycerol ester (DREWPOL 3-5-CC,Stepan, Northfield, Ill., USA) was prepared. The blend was prepared byheating the lecithin in a beaker at approximately 50° C. under constantstirring. As the lecithin began to melt, the polyglycerol ester (havingan HLB of 3) was added. The blend was cooled to room temperature ofabout 25° C. and the viscosity was measured to be about 1000 cp.

Example 29

FIGS. 32A and 32B illustrate the pigment dispersion ability of thecomposition of Example 7 used as a dispersant using glyceroltricaprylate/caprate (GTCC) as the carrier liquid and titanium dioxideas the pigment. The dispersion was carried out using high speeddispersion with a cowles blade for 30 minutes at 2000 rpm for titaniumdioxide and 1200 rpm for iron oxides. The fineness of the dispersion wastaken using a Hegman grind gauge. The viscosity of each of the pigmentdispersion was measured using a Brookfield viscometer.

The present invention has been described with reference to certainexemplary and illustrative embodiments, compositions and uses thereof.However, it will be recognized by persons having ordinary skill in theart that various substitutions, modifications or combinations of any ofthe exemplary embodiments may be made without departing from the scopeof the invention. Thus, the invention is not limited by the descriptionof the exemplary and illustrative embodiments, but rather by theappended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of dispersing a pigment in a paint, themethod comprising: mixing a bio-derived dispersant and the pigment witha paint formulation.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein thebio-derived dispersant comprises lecithin and a plasticizer.
 3. Themethod according to claim 1, wherein the plasticizer selected from thegroup consisting of a citrate, an adipate, a pentaerythritol ester, anisosorbide ester, and combinations of any thereof.
 4. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the plasticizer is selected from the groupconsisting of propylene glycol monoester (PGME), butyl benzyl phthalate(BBP), di-n-butyl maleate (DBM), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diethyleneglycol dibenzoate (DEGD), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dioctylphthalate (DOP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP),diisodecyl adipate (DIDA), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), diisoheptylphthalate (DIHP), diisononyl adipate (DINA), diisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH), diisononyl phthalate (DINP),diisooctyl adipate (DIOA), diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP), dimenthylphthalate (DMP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DnHP), di-n-octyl adipate (DnOA),di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), dinonyl phthalate (DNP), dioctyl adipate(DOA), di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), dioctyl maleate (DOM), dioctylsebacate (DOS), dioctyl terephalate (DOTP), dioctyl azelate (DOZ),dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (DPGB), di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate(DPHP), ditridecyl adipate (DTDA), ditridecyl phthalate (DTDP),diundecyl phthalate (DUP), 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH), epoxidized linseed oil(ELO), epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), general-purpose phthalate (GPP),isodecyl alcohol (IDA), isononyl alcohol (INA), phthalic anhydride (PA),2-propylheptanol (2-PH), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), tricresyl phosphate(TCP), triisononyl trimellitate (TINTM), triiisooctyl trimellitate(TIOTM), trimellitic anhydride (TMA), trioctyl trimellitate (TOTM),triphenyl phosphate (TPP), trixylyl phosphate (TXP), undecyl dodecylphthalate (UDP), soybean oil, medium chain triglycerides, a polyglycerolester and combinations of any thereof.
 5. The method according to claim2, wherein the lecithin is selected from the group consisting of crudefiltered lecithin, de-oiled lecithin, chemically modified lecithin,enzymatically modified lecithin, standardized lecithin, and combinationsof any thereof.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein: thelecithin comprises from 5% to 95% by weight of the composition, and theplasticizer comprises from 5% to 95% by weight of the composition. 7.The method according to claim 1, wherein the bio-derived dispersantcomprises less than 5 g/L of volatile organic compounds.
 8. The methodaccording to claim 2, wherein the bio-derived dispersant furthercomprises a surfactant selected from the group consisting of an anionicsurfactant, a non-ionic surfactant and combinations of any thereof. 9.The method according to claim 8, wherein the surfactant has ahydrophilic-lipophilic balance of between 10.0 and 24.0.
 10. The methodaccording to claim 8, wherein the non-ionic surfactant is selected fromthe group consisting of sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene ester ofrosin, polyoxyethylene dodecyl mono ether,polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, polyoxyethylenemonolaurate, polyoxyethylene monohexadecyl ether, polyoxyethylenemonooleate, polyoxyethylene mono(cis-9-octadecenyl)ether,polyoxyethylene monostearate, polyoxyethylene monooctadecyl ether,polyoxyethylene dioleate, polyoxyethylene distearate, polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate,polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate, polyoxyethylenesorbitan tristearate, polyglycerol ester of oleic acid, polyoxyethylenesorbitol hexastearate, polyoxyethylene monotetradecyl ether,polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexaoleate, fatty acids, tall-oil, sorbitolhexaesters, ethoxylated castor oil, ethoxylated soybean oil, ethoxylatedpolyoxyethylene sorbitol tetraoleate, glycerol and polyethylene glycolmixed esters, alcohols, polyglycerol esters, monoglycerides, sucroseesters, derivatives of any thereof, and combinations of any thereof. 11.The method according to claim 8, wherein the anionic surfactant isselected from the group consisting of sodium and potassium salts ofstraight-chain fatty acids, polyoxyethylenated fatty alcoholcarboxylates, linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, alpha olefin sulfonates,sulfonated fatty acid methyl ester, arylalkanesulfonates, sulfosuccinateesters, alkyldiphenylether(di)sulfonates, alkylnaphthalenesulfonates,isoethionates, alkylether sulfates, sulfonated oils, fatty acidmonoethanolamide sulfates, polyoxyethylene fatty acid monoethanolamidesulfates, aliphatic phosphate esters, nonylphenolphosphate esters,fluorinated anionics, and combinations of any thereof.
 12. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the pigment is selected from the groupconsisting of an organic pigment, an inorganic pigment, a carbon blackpigment, and any combinations thereof.
 13. The method according to claim1, wherein the bio-derived dispersant has a viscosity of 2,000centipoise or less.
 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein thepigment is titanium dioxide, aluminum silicate, or a combinationthereof.
 15. A method of dispersing a pigment in a paint base, themethod comprising: mixing a bio-derived dispersant with the paint base;and mixing a pigment with the paint base.
 16. The method according toclaim 15, wherein the bio-derived dispersant comprises lecithin and asurfactant having a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of between 10.0 and24.0.
 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the bio-deriveddispersant comprises lecithin and a plasticizer.
 18. The methodaccording to claim 15, wherein the pigment is titanium dioxide, aluminumsilicate, or a combination thereof.
 19. The method according to claim15, wherein the paint base is aqueous.
 20. The method according to claim15, wherein the paint base is non-aqueous.